# Technical Indicators Module

The Technical Indicators module provides a suite of common technical analysis tools. It is designed to work efficiently with pandas DataFrames, which is the standard data structure for time-series analysis in the TCP Trading Platform.

## Overview

The module has been refactored to be **DataFrame-centric**. All calculation methods now expect a pandas DataFrame with a `DatetimeIndex` and the required OHLCV columns (`open`, `high`, `low`, `close`, `volume`). This change simplifies the data pipeline, improves performance through vectorization, and ensures consistency across the platform.

The module implements five core technical indicators:

- **Simple Moving Average (SMA)**
- **Exponential Moving Average (EMA)**
- **Relative Strength Index (RSI)**
- **Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)**
- **Bollinger Bands**

## Key Features

- **DataFrame-Centric Design**: Operates directly on pandas DataFrames for performance and simplicity.
- **Vectorized Calculations**: Leverages pandas and numpy for high-speed computation.
- **Flexible `calculate` Method**: A single entry point for calculating any supported indicator by name.
- **Standardized Output**: All methods return a DataFrame containing the calculated indicator values, indexed by timestamp.

## Usage Examples

### Preparing the DataFrame

Before you can calculate indicators, you need a properly formatted pandas DataFrame. The `prepare_chart_data` utility is the recommended way to create one from a list of candle dictionaries.

```python
from components.charts.utils import prepare_chart_data
from data.common.indicators import TechnicalIndicators

# Assume 'candles' is a list of OHLCV dictionaries from the database
# candles = fetch_market_data(...) 

# Prepare the DataFrame
df = prepare_chart_data(candles)

# df is now ready for indicator calculations
# It has a DatetimeIndex and the necessary OHLCV columns.
```

### Basic Indicator Calculation

Once you have a prepared DataFrame, you can calculate indicators directly.

```python
# Initialize the calculator
indicators = TechnicalIndicators()

# Calculate a Simple Moving Average
sma_df = indicators.sma(df, period=20)

# Calculate an Exponential Moving Average
ema_df = indicators.ema(df, period=12)

# sma_df and ema_df are pandas DataFrames containing the results.
```

### Using the `calculate` Method

The most flexible way to compute an indicator is with the `calculate` method, which accepts the indicator type as a string.

```python
# Calculate RSI using the generic method
rsi_pkg = indicators.calculate('rsi', df, period=14)
if rsi_pkg:
    rsi_df = rsi_pkg['data']

# Calculate MACD with custom parameters
macd_pkg = indicators.calculate('macd', df, fast_period=10, slow_period=30, signal_period=8)
if macd_pkg:
    macd_df = macd_pkg['data']
```

### Using Different Price Columns

You can specify which price column (`open`, `high`, `low`, or `close`) to use for the calculation.

```python
# Calculate SMA on the 'high' price
sma_high_df = indicators.sma(df, period=20, price_column='high')

# Calculate RSI on the 'open' price
rsi_open_pkg = indicators.calculate('rsi', df, period=14, price_column='open')
```

## Indicator Details

The following details the parameters and the columns returned in the result DataFrame for each indicator.

### Simple Moving Average (SMA)

-   **Parameters**: `period` (int), `price_column` (str, default: 'close')
-   **Returned Columns**: `sma`

### Exponential Moving Average (EMA)

-   **Parameters**: `period` (int), `price_column` (str, default: 'close')
-   **Returned Columns**: `ema`

### Relative Strength Index (RSI)

-   **Parameters**: `period` (int), `price_column` (str, default: 'close')
-   **Returned Columns**: `rsi`

### MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence)

-   **Parameters**: `fast_period` (int), `slow_period` (int), `signal_period` (int), `price_column` (str, default: 'close')
-   **Returned Columns**: `macd`, `signal`, `histogram`

### Bollinger Bands

-   **Parameters**: `period` (int), `std_dev` (float), `price_column` (str, default: 'close')
-   **Returned Columns**: `upper_band`, `middle_band`, `lower_band`

## Integration with the TCP Platform

The refactored `TechnicalIndicators` module is now tightly integrated with the `ChartBuilder`, which handles all data preparation and calculation automatically when indicators are added to a chart. For custom analysis or strategy development, you can use the class directly as shown in the examples above. The key is to always start with a properly prepared DataFrame using `prepare_chart_data`.

## Data Structures

### IndicatorResult

Container for technical indicator calculation results.

```python
@dataclass
class IndicatorResult:
    timestamp: datetime      # Right-aligned candle timestamp
    symbol: str             # Trading symbol (e.g., 'BTC-USDT')
    timeframe: str          # Candle timeframe (e.g., '1m', '5m')
    values: Dict[str, float] # Indicator values
    metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None  # Calculation metadata
```

### Configuration Format

Indicator configurations use a standardized JSON format:

```json
{
    "indicator_name": {
        "type": "sma|ema|rsi|macd|bollinger_bands",
        "period": 20,
        "price_column": "close",
        // Additional parameters specific to indicator type
    }
}
```

## Integration with TCP Platform

### Aggregation Strategy Compatibility

The indicators module is designed to work seamlessly with the TCP platform's aggregation strategy:

- **Right-Aligned Timestamps**: Uses `end_time` from OHLCV candles
- **Sparse Data Support**: Handles missing candles without interpolation
- **No Future Leakage**: Only processes completed candles
- **Time Boundary Respect**: Maintains proper temporal ordering

### Real-Time Processing

```python
from data.common.aggregation import RealTimeCandleProcessor
from data.common.indicators import TechnicalIndicators

# Set up real-time processing
candle_processor = RealTimeCandleProcessor(symbol='BTC-USDT', exchange='okx')
indicators = TechnicalIndicators()

# Process incoming trades and calculate indicators
def on_new_candle(candle):
    # Get recent candles for indicator calculation
    recent_candles = get_recent_candles(symbol='BTC-USDT', count=50)
    
    # Calculate indicators
    sma_results = indicators.sma(recent_candles, period=20)
    rsi_results = indicators.rsi(recent_candles, period=14)
    
    # Use indicator values for trading decisions
    if sma_results and rsi_results:
        latest_sma = sma_results[-1].values['sma']
        latest_rsi = rsi_results[-1].values['rsi']
        
        # Trading logic here...
```

### Database Integration

```python
from database.models import IndicatorData

# Store indicator results in database
def store_indicators(indicator_results, indicator_type):
    for result in indicator_results:
        indicator_data = IndicatorData(
            symbol=result.symbol,
            timeframe=result.timeframe,
            timestamp=result.timestamp,
            indicator_type=indicator_type,
            values=result.values,
            metadata=result.metadata
        )
        session.add(indicator_data)
    session.commit()
```

## Performance Considerations

### Memory Usage
- Process indicators in batches for large datasets
- Use appropriate period lengths to balance accuracy and performance
- Consider data retention policies for historical indicator values

### Calculation Frequency
- Calculate indicators only when new complete candles are available
- Cache recent indicator values to avoid recalculation
- Use incremental updates for real-time scenarios

### Optimization Tips
- Use `calculate_multiple_indicators()` for efficiency when computing multiple indicators
- Limit the number of historical candles to what's actually needed
- Consider using different timeframes for different indicators

## Error Handling

The module includes comprehensive error handling:

- **Insufficient Data**: Returns empty results when not enough data is available
- **Invalid Configuration**: Validates configuration parameters before calculation
- **Data Quality Issues**: Handles NaN values and missing data gracefully
- **Type Errors**: Converts data types safely with fallback values

## Testing

The module includes comprehensive unit tests covering:

- All indicator calculations with known expected values
- Sparse data handling scenarios
- Edge cases (insufficient data, invalid parameters)
- Configuration validation
- Multiple indicator batch processing

Run tests with:
```bash
uv run pytest tests/test_indicators.py -v
```

## Future Enhancements

Potential future additions to the indicators module:

- **Additional Indicators**: Stochastic, Williams %R, Commodity Channel Index
- **Custom Indicators**: Framework for user-defined indicators
- **Performance Metrics**: Calculation timing and memory usage statistics
- **Streaming Updates**: Incremental indicator updates for real-time scenarios
- **Parallel Processing**: Multi-threaded calculation for large datasets

## See Also

- [Aggregation Strategy Documentation](aggregation-strategy.md)
- [Data Types Documentation](data-types.md)
- [Database Schema Documentation](database-schema.md)
- [API Reference](api-reference.md)